Psychological Disorders Simplified: Anxiety, Mood & Schizophrenia

Chapter 4 of Class 12 NCERT covers psychological disorders. The three most tested categories are:

• *Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)*: Excessive worry about many things
• *Phobias*: Intense, irrational fear of a specific object/situation
• *OCD*: Obsessive thoughts + compulsive behaviours
• *PTSD*: Following a traumatic event

• *Major Depressive Disorder*: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue
• *Bipolar Disorder*: Alternating between depressive and manic episodes

• *Positive symptoms*: Hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech
• *Negative symptoms*: Flat affect, alogia (poverty of speech), avolition

What causes psychological disorders? (NCERT answer) The bio-psycho-social model: a combination of biological (genetic), psychological (cognitive), and social (environmental) factors.

Exam Tip: Never write "mad" or "crazy" in your answer. Use clinical terms. CBSE marks are deducted for stigmatising language.

Important: If you or someone you know is struggling, please speak to a trusted adult or counsellor.